Return own products to the market as refurbished. Larger players take back their own salt-spreader mechanisms and return them to the market as refurbished products, a proven circular revenue model in the region. The manufacturing study for Overijssel by New Economy (2020) reports this for salt spreaders. Salt spreaders are highly modular, but without a circular model that value stays unused.
High modularity makes all five business models applicable, with buy-back and refurbishment. This is relevant for manufacturers of salt spreaders, road authorities and organisations in circular manufacturing.