Use and performance models fit best when customers mainly need reliable output rather than ownership of the product itself. The manufacturer can then stay involved in maintenance, monitoring, upgrades and end-of-life recovery.
This model can strengthen circularity because the producer has an incentive to design for durability, reparability and efficient operation. In the Overijssel manufacturing context, performance-based thinking helps connect circular design to a revenue model that rewards long-term value instead of short product turnover.