Safety starts small: lamp posts in dark spots, litter bins, lively ground floors. A lamp post costs on average €17 per year (€5 electricity, €12 fixed costs), with one post per five residents as the rule of thumb. Per model neighbourhood: around €16,000 in societal value against €5,700 in costs — 2.8 times the investment.
A clean, well-lit neighbourhood increases comfort and social cohesion (“eyes on the street”), cuts the costs of nuisance and litter collection and lifts property values. LED lighting also keeps energy use low. Source: Transform Zuid-Holland.