An active second-hand market with buy-back and refurbishment. For salt spreaders there is an active second-hand market, in which products and components are traded in various quality standards. Larger players buy back their own salt spreaders and bring them to market again themselves in a refurbished model. Salt spreaders are highly modular, but without a circular model that value stays untapped.
High modularity makes all five revenue models applicable, with buy-back and refurbishment. This outcome is relevant for manufacturers of salt spreaders, road authorities and organisations in circular manufacturing. Source: RTA Manufacturing Industry Overijssel (2020).