Five Overijssel manufacturing product families were assessed for circularity: CNC systems, industrial food processors, radar systems, UPS systems and salt spreaders. The analysis compares how circular revenue models can work for different technical products, rather than assuming that one model fits every product family.
The cases show that circularity depends on product price, technical lifetime, modularity, use intensity, maintenance practice, material value and demand predictability. That makes the assessment practical for companies: it helps identify whether refurbishment, component replacement, service contracts, reuse or recycling is the strongest route.